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首页> 外文期刊>Catena: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Soil Science Hydrology-Geomorphology Focusing on Geoecology and Landscape Evolution >Geoarchaeology and the search for the first Americans. (Special Issue: Developments in international geoarchaeology)
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Geoarchaeology and the search for the first Americans. (Special Issue: Developments in international geoarchaeology)

机译：地质考古学和寻找最早的美国人。 （特刊：国际地球考古学的发展）

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Research into the origins and subsequent development of the first American cultures ("Paleoindians"), in particular the timing and place of their arrival, has provoked heated, contentious debates in North American archaeology since the 19th century. Many of the questions in this archaeological puzzle are fundamentally geological and thus many of the answers have come from the geosciences, including geology, geography, and soil science, and at a wide range of spatial scales. Stratigraphy, perhaps the most basic principle in both archaeology and geology, first established the antiquity and chronology of the earliest artifact assemblages at sites such as Folsom and Clovis in New Mexico by demonstrating clear association of artifacts and Pleistocene fauna. Geologists and paleontologists further provided age estimates of sites in the absence of other forms of numerical age control. Geologists also were prominently involved in developing the radiocarbon method and applying it to Paleoindian sites. Many Paleoindian sites also yielded not only extinct fauna, but stratigraphic records with evidence of markedly different depositional environments in the past. These sites were inviting to geologists because many investigators had backgrounds in Pleistocene paleontology. The ancient fauna and the striking contrasts between past and present depositional environments drew the attention of archaeologists and earth scientists alike who recognized the paleoenvironmental implications. At regional, subcontinental scales the peopling of the New World has been a question revolving around lowered seas levels and fluctuating glacier margins. Modeling sea-level changes and the paleogeography of the "Bering Land Bridge" and the high-precision dating of ice retreat over Canada is helping to understand the environmental conditions faced by Native American forbears in Beringia and the environment, route(s), and timing of their entry into North America.
机译：自19世纪以来，对第一种美国文化（“古印第安人”）的起源和随后发展的研究，尤其是其到来的时间和地点，引起了北美考古学的激烈辩论。这个考古难题中的许多问题从根本上讲都是地质问题，因此许多答案都来自于地球科学，包括地质学，地理学和土壤科学，而且涉及范围广泛的空间尺度。地层学也许是考古学和地质学中最基本的原理，它首先通过证明文物与更新世动物群的明确联系，首先在新墨西哥州的佛森和克洛维斯等地建立了最早的文物组合的古代和年代学。在没有其他形式的数字年龄控制的情况下，地质学家和古生物学者还提供了遗址的年龄估计。地质学家还参与了放射性碳方法的开发，并将其应用于古印度地区。许多古印第安遗址不仅产生了灭绝的动物群，而且还产生了地层记录，这些证据表明过去的沉积环境明显不同。这些站点吸引了地质学家，因为许多研究人员具有更新世古生物学的背景。古代动物区系和过去和现在沉积环境之间的鲜明对比引起了考古学家和地球科学家的关注，他们都认识到古环境的意义。在区域性，次大陆规模上，新世界的人口问题一直围绕着海平面下降和冰川边界波动而变化。对海平面变化和“白令陆桥”的古地理进行建模，以及对加拿大上空的冰川撤退进行高精度定年，有助于了解美国原住民前辈在白令地区所面临的环境条件以及环境，路线和他们进入北美的时间。

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