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首页> 外文期刊>Biological Theory: integrating development, evolution & cognition >Group Selection and Group Adaptation During a Major Evolutionary Transition: Insights from the Evolution of Multicellularity in the Volvocine Algae
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Group Selection and Group Adaptation During a Major Evolutionary Transition: Insights from the Evolution of Multicellularity in the Volvocine Algae

机译：在主要的进化过渡期间的群体选择和群体适应：火山藻多细胞性的演变的见解。

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Adaptations can occur at different iiierarciiical levels (e.g., cells and multicellular organisms), but it can be difficult to identify the level(s) of adaptation in specific cases. A major problem is that selection at a lower level can filter up, creating the illusion of selection at a higher level. We use optimality modeling of the volvocine algae to explore the emergence of genuine group (i.e., colony-level) adaptations. We find that it is helpful to develop an explicit model for what group fitness would be in the absence of group-level relationships between traits and group fitness. We call this “counterfactual fitness,” because in many actual cases of interest there are group-level relationships. Once counterfactual fitness is modeled, the difference between effects that filter up and genuine group selection is explicit and so, therefore, is the distinction between apparent and genuine group adaptations. We call the latter group-specific adaptations. Recognizing group-specific adaptations isimportant because only group-specific adaptations would cause the lower-level units (cells in this case) to be maladapted if they were to leave the group and enter a global cell-level population. Thus, as group-specific adaptations evolve, they create selective pressure for increased cohesiveness and individuality of groups. This article suggests that group-specific adaptations could be present in the simplest, earliest branching colonial volvocine species, which do not have distinct specialized cells.The article also makes predictions about the kind of empirical evidence needed to support or refute the hypothesis that a particular trait is a group-level adaptation.
机译：适应可发生在不同的细菌学水平（例如细胞和多细胞生物），但在特定情况下可能难以确定适应水平。一个主要问题是较低级别的选择会过滤掉，从而在较高级别上产生选择的幻觉。我们使用火山藻的最佳化模型来探索真正的群体（即殖民地水平）适应的出现。我们发现，在没有特质和群体适应性之间的群体级关系的情况下，为群体适应性建立一个明确的模型是有帮助的。我们称这种情况为“反事实适用性”，因为在许多实际感兴趣的情况下，存在组级关系。一旦建立了反事实适应性模型，过滤出来的效果和真正的群体选择之间的区别就很明显了，因此，明显的和真正的群体适应之间的区别也就很明显。我们将后者称为特定于小组的改编。识别特定于组的适应很重要，因为只有特定于组的适应会导致较低级别的单位（在这种情况下为单元）离开他们并进入一个全局单元级别的种群时会发生不良反应。因此，随着针对特定群体的适应的发展，它们为提高群体的凝聚力和个性创造了选择性压力。本文建议特定群体的适应可能存在于最简单，最早的分支殖民地火山物种中，它们没有明显的专门细胞。本文还对支持或反驳特定假设的经验证据进行了预测。特质是群体层面的适应。

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