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The challenges of research and development of small ruminant production in dry areas.

机译：干旱地区小反刍动物生产研究与开发的挑战。

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Small ruminants are key components of smallholder production systems in dry areas and need technological change if farmers are to escape the vicious cycle of poverty. The disparity in income and the living conditions of these producers is alarming, but society, governments, and research and development (R&D) commit little to modify their livelihoods. Prospects for change are good, considering the expanding demand for small ruminant products, but smallholders are not yet benefitting from this opportunity. This paper reviews the status of small ruminant populations in dry areas of Central Asia, the Caucasus, West Asia, North Africa, and some countries of Latin America. Overall the small ruminant population is increasing in these regions. The market opportunities for products of these species are also reviewed. Meat is in high demand all over the countries and demand is often not met by local supply. Milk is produced only in some regions. The prices of wool are depressed whereas fine fibers can reach attractive prices. Smallholder systems could supply the expanding demand but are still unprepared because conditions do not favor technology adoption. The main trends affecting the production systems in dry areas are discussed: enhanced market demand with opportunities and constraints, feed scarcity and climate change. A research strategy is then described, based on the experience gathered by the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas and its collaborators, focusing on the improvement of productivity and smallholders' incomes. Examples of successful experience of adaptive research tested by farmers at a small scale are noted. To achieve sustained improvement of productivity and of farmers' income, certain basic conditions must be met: the joint action of R&D, within the domain of development projects, through outscaling of technologies; appropriate policies; participatory action, and the mid- to long-term commitment to sustain these conditions by government and donor/funding agencies. South-south and south-north exchanges can facilitate this process. The problems faced by farmers are not insurmountable. With the commitment of all actors involved in the development of a given dry region/country, R&D could induce a change and improve the living conditions of small ruminant farmers and halt rural migration.Digital Object Identifier http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2011.03.010
机译：小反刍动物是干旱地区小农生产系统的关键组成部分，如果农民要摆脱贫困的恶性循环，就需要技术变革。这些生产者的收入差距和生活条件令人震惊，但社会，政府和研究与开发（R＆D）很少致力于改变其生计。考虑到对小型反刍动物产品需求的增长，变革的前景很好，但小农户尚未从这一机会中受益。本文回顾了中亚，高加索，西亚，北非和拉丁美洲一些国家干旱地区小反刍动物种群的状况。总体而言，这些地区的反刍动物数量有所增加。还回顾了这些种类产品的市场机会。整个国家的肉类需求量很大，当地供应经常无法满足需求。牛奶仅在某些地区生产。羊毛的价格低迷，而细纤维可以达到诱人的价格。小农户系统可以满足不断增长的需求，但由于条件不利于采用技术，因此仍未做好准备。讨论了影响干旱地区生产系统的主要趋势：机遇和制约因素增加了市场需求，饲料短缺和气候变化。然后根据国际干旱地区农业研究中心及其合作者的经验，描述了一项研究策略，重点是提高生产率和小农收入。指出了由农民进行的小规模适应性研究成功经验的例子。为了实现生产率和农民收入的持续提高，必须满足某些基本条件：在研发项目范围内，通过技术的扩展来进行研发的共同行动;适当的政策;参与性行动，以及政府和捐助者/资助机构维持这些条件的中长期承诺。南南和南北交流可以促进这一进程。农民面临的问题并非无法克服。在特定干旱地区/国家发展过程中所有参与者的共同努力下，研发活动可以引发变化，改善反刍小农的生活条件并阻止农村移民。数字对象标识符http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016 / j.smallrumres.2011.03.010

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