Restoration ecologists, like all practicing applied ecologists, confront two broad challenges.First, effective ecological restoration requires a goal, perhaps a policy, preferably a fairly unambiguous one, which must be articulated, accepted, and codified (Lackey, 2003). The goal thus becomes a mandate or directive for implementing the necessaryrestoration strategy-Second, the actual restoration tools and techniques often are technically challenging and may require the application of poorly understood ecological principles. Altering ecosystems, either to create some desired past state, or somedesired new state, often results in unexpected, sometimes disastrous, ecological consequences.
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