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The strange case of Leishmania chagasi

机译：利什曼原虫的奇怪案例

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The name Leishmania chagasi (a member of the Leishmania donovani complex) is frequently used for the aetiological agent of visceral leishmaniasis in the Americas. The other two species of this complex (L infantum and L donovani) are present only in the Old World. Enzymatic and genetic methods [eg. restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)] have indicated that stocks labelled L. infantum and L chagasi are very closely related and some authors have proposed or use synonymy. Others do not agree and have, in part, used minor phenotypic and genotypic differences, eg. monoclonal antibodies to surface proteins, glycoconjugate ligands, radiorespirometry, DNA fingerprinting and kDNAF probes (often only between individual reference markers), as criteria to justify separation into two species; in this case, L chagasi would have been present in the Americas before the arrival of the European colonists, and even before the separation of the American continent from Africa Our recent findings, using several different methods, such as random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD), DNA sequence analysis of the major surface protease (gp63) and hybridization with the DNA probe Lmet9, upon isolates from different geographical and host origins, showed very restricted diversity within strains of L. chagasi. The L. chagasi strains could not be distinguished from L infantum, indicating a recent geographical separation. Those findings are illustrated and confirmed here by combined analysis of RAPD data with restriction PCR-RFLP data from the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of the ribosomal genes and from the mini-oxen genes (Fig. I). The degree of diversity among the L chagasi and L. infantum strains is lower than that found within L. donovani strains-even L. donovani strains from the same geographical area.
机译：Leishmania chagasi（Leishmania donovani复合体的成员）这个名字在美洲经常被用作内脏利什曼病的病原体。这种复合体的其他两个物种（L婴儿和L donovani）仅存在于旧大陆。酶和遗传方法[例如限制性片段长度多态性（RFLP）]表明标记为婴儿乳杆菌和恰加斯乳杆菌的种群之间有非常密切的联系，一些作者提出或使用了同义词。其他人则不同意，部分使用了较小的表型和基因型差异，例如。针对表面蛋白，糖缀合物配体，放射呼吸测定法，DNA指纹图谱和kDNAF探针的单克隆抗体（通常仅在单个参考标记之间），作为证明可以分为两种的标准;在这种情况下，恰加斯加氏菌在欧洲殖民者到来之前甚至在美洲大陆与非洲分离之前就已经存在于美洲。我们最近的发现使用了几种不同的方法，例如随机扩增多态性DNA（RAPD）。 ），主要表面蛋白酶（gp63）的DNA序列分析以及与DNA探针Lmet9的杂交（来自不同地理和宿主来源的分离株）显示了南美锥虫菌株内的限制性非常有限。尚加氏乳杆菌菌株不能与婴儿乳杆菌区分开，表明最近的地理分离。这些发现通过结合RAPD数据与核糖体基因内部转录间隔区（ITS）和小牛基因的限制性PCR-RFLP数据的结合分析得到说明和证实（图I）。夏加氏乳杆菌和婴儿乳杆菌的菌株的多样性程度低于多诺氏乳杆菌-甚至来自同一地理区域的多诺氏乳杆菌-菌株中的多样性。

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