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Investigations on the effects of harvest methods and storage conditions on yield, quality and germination of evening primrose (Oenothera biennis L.) seeds

机译：收获方式和贮藏条件对月见草（Oenothera biennis L.）种子产量，品质和萌发的影响

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摘要

Evening primrose has a good potential to become a commercial agricultural plant for GLA production, some disadvantages such as indeterminate inflorescence, high seed shattering during ripening, length of life cycle, lack of uniformity in seed germination are still problems to be overcome for this to happen. Although several studies have carried out to find ways of removing the seed shattering as well as reducing the flowering heterogeneity, seed shattering still posses the biggest problem in the production of evening primrose. This project was an agronomic procedure aimed at optimising the appropriate harvest time and harvest method that will lead to higher quality and quantity seed (in aspect of seed yield, oil and γ-linolenic acid percentage). Experience has shown that defoliation before harvest usually accelerates seed ripening and increases the homogeneity of seed maturation. The harvest method used in these experiments was defoliation by means of flame and by chemical. To date our knowledge is still limited about the effect of fertilizers (especially nitrogen) on seed yield and the percentage of oil of evening primrose seed. In this project, the effect of nitrogen under different harvest methods was studied by using some pot experiments.The effect of storage conditions on the seed oil percentage and fatty acid composition of evening primrose were also investigated. In addition to these seed germination ability of evening primrose was also studied. For field experiments seed yield, thousand seed weight, oil percentage, raw protein percentage, fatty acid composition, plant dry matter, seed dry matter were measured. The parameters measured in the pot experiments were seed yield, thousand seed weight, oil and raw protein percentage, fatty acid composition, number of side shoots per pot, number of capsules per side shoot, number of capsules per main stem and total number of capsules per pot. Both in field and pot experiments it was observed that harvest time had influence on the seed yield of evening primrose. Due to low maturity, a significant reduction in the seed yield of early harvested plants was observed. Similar pattern of seed yield was observed in plants that were harvested late. Contrary to early harvest high seed shattering is the main reason of low seed yield in the plants that were harvested at the late date. Oil and γ-linolenic acid percentage of the seed were significantly influenced by different harvest times. Low seed maturity at the early time and advance senescence of the seed during the over ripened period are the main reasons for the low percentage of oil. Regardless of the sowing time, in both field as well as pot experiments, it was observed that in most cases the maximum seed quantity and quality was achieved during the middle harvest time. Despite the above interpretation of results, it is not easy to say how many days after flowering can be recommended as harvest time. The parameters such as plant variety, climate conditions, soil fertility, sowing time, etc. strongly influence harvest time. Generally, according to this study the average of the period after flowering to harvest in autumn and spring sown plants is different. In addition, nitrogen can influence this period. In total, 70-75 days after flowering is the recommended harvest time of the spring sown Oenothera biennis L. cv. “Anothera” in Germany. In autumn sown plants, the duration between flowering and harvest is longer than spring-sown plants (90-95 d after flowering). Study on the effect of nitrogen on the evening primrose in pot experiments showed that although nitrogen had negative influence on the percentage of seed oil, there was positive relationship between nitrogen and most measured parameters especially seed yield, linoleic and γ-linolenic acid percentage. There is a need to carry out further investigation on the effect of nitrogen as well as other plant nutrients on evening primrose in the field conditions. In general based on obtained results it can be concluded that in both field and pot experiments no clear effect of defoliation was observed on the different measured parameters like seed yield, the percentage of oil and γ-linolenic acid. The observations of these experiments in most cases do not confirm the hypothesis in which defoliation reduces the heterogenity of seed ripeness and effects seed yield and seed quality. In most cases no interaction between method of harvest and harvest time as well as nitrogen fertilizer was observed. The hypothesis in which effect of defoliation depends on harvest time and nitrogen application is different was not agree with the results obtained.the results of experiments, it can be concluded that there is not a big difference in the seed yield and seed oil quality of spring and autumn evening primrose. Thus, the hypothesis that the performance of spring-sown evening primrose is equal to autumn sown plants was confirmed with the obtained results.results showed that the quality of newly harvested seeds of evening primrose gradually decrease during storage. The free fatty acid percentage and the peroxide value of stored seeds strongly increased with the storage time. It was observed that the increase was lower in the seed samples that were stored at low temperature than under room temperature and higher. A negative relationship between storage time and the percentage of oil was observed in this study. Based on the results obtained from the present study, it may be said that for oil quality and quantity the fresh seeds of evening primrose can be stored for a period of 4-6 months.Temperature is the main factor affecting the germination of evening primrose seeds. A synergetic effect between light and temperature on evening primrose seed germination was observed in this study. Depending on harvest time a gradual increase in the seed germination percentage of newly harvested seed could be achieved by removing the physiological dormancy of embryo during storage. The reduction of germination with increasing storage time could be due to some stimulation of secondary dormancy in the embryo.
机译：月见草有很大的潜力成为生产GLA的商业化农业植物，一些缺点，例如花序不确定，成熟期间种子高破碎，寿命周期长，种子发芽缺乏均匀性，仍然是要克服的问题。尽管已经进行了一些研究来找到消除种子破碎以及减少开花异质性的方法，但是种子破碎仍然是月见草生产中的最大问题。该项目是一个农艺程序，旨在优化合适的收获时间和收获方法，从而提高种子的质量和数量（在种子产量，油和γ-亚麻酸百分比方面）。经验表明，收获前的脱叶通常会加速种子的成熟并增加种子成熟的均匀性。这些实验中使用的收获方法是通过火焰和化学方法进行脱叶。迄今为止，我们对肥料（尤其是氮）对种子产量和月见草种子含油量的影响的认识仍然有限。本项目通过盆栽试验研究了不同收获方式下氮素的影响。研究了贮藏条件对月见草种子油百分比和脂肪酸组成的影响。除这些种子外，还研究了月见草的种子发芽能力。为了进行田间试验，测量了种子的千粒重，油含量，粗蛋白含量，脂肪酸组成，植物干物质，种子干物质。在盆栽实验中测量的参数为种子产量，千粒重，油脂和粗蛋白百分比，脂肪酸组成，每盆侧枝数，每侧枝胶囊数，每个主茎胶囊数和胶囊总数每锅。在田间试验和盆栽试验中均观察到收获时间对月见草的种子产量有影响。由于成熟度低，观察到早期收获的植物的种子产量显着降低。在收获较晚的植物中观察到相似的种子产量模式。与早期收获相反，高种子破碎是后期收获植物中种子产量低的主要原因。种子的油和γ-亚麻酸百分比受不同收获时间的影响很大。早期种子成熟度低，而在成熟期种子提前衰老是造成油含率低的主要原因。无论在田间试验还是盆栽试验中，无论播种时间长短，在大多数情况下，都可以在收获中期达到最大的种子数量和质量。尽管对结果有上述解释，但很难说可以建议开花后多少天作为收获时间。诸如植物品种，气候条件，土壤肥力，播种时间等参数会极大地影响收获时间。通常，根据这项研究，秋季和春季播种的植物从开花到收获的平均时间是不同的。此外，氮气会影响这一时期。总共，开花后70-75天是春季播种的Oenothera biennis L. cv的建议收获时间。德国的“ Anothera”。在秋季播种的植物中，开花和收获之间的持续时间要长于春季播种的植物（开花后90-95 d）。在盆栽试验中研究氮对月见草的影响，结果表明，尽管氮对种子油的百分比有负面影响，但氮与大多数测量参数（尤其是种子产量，亚油酸和γ-亚麻酸的百分比）之间存在正相关关系。在田间条件下，有必要对氮以及其他植物养分对月见草的影响进行进一步研究。通常，基于获得的结果，可以得出结论，在田间试验和盆栽试验中，对不同的测量参数（如种子产量，油和γ-亚麻酸的百分比）均未观察到明显的脱叶效果。在大多数情况下，这些实验的观察结果并未证实假说，在该假说中，落叶会降低种子成熟度的异质性并影响种子产量和种子质量。在大多数情况下，没有发现收获方法和收获时间以及氮肥之间的相互作用。脱叶效果取决于收获时间和施氮量的假说与所获得的结果不一致。实验结果表明，春季种子产量和种子油品质差异不大。和秋天的月见草。从而结果表明，春播月见草与秋季播种的性能基本一致。结果表明，新收获的月见草种子在贮藏期间品质逐渐下降。所储存种子的游离脂肪酸百分比和过氧化物值随储存时间的增加而强烈增加。观察到，在低温下储存的种子样品中的增加低于在室温下的种子样品中的增加，而更高。在这项研究中，观察到储存时间和含油量之间存在负相关关系。根据目前的研究结果，可以说，从油质和数量上，新鲜的月见草种子可以保存4-6个月。温度是影响月见草种子发芽的主要因素。 。在这项研究中观察到光和温度之间的协同作用对月见草种子萌发。根据收获时间，可以通过去除储存期间胚胎的生理休眠来实现新收获种子的种子发芽率的逐渐增加。随着贮藏时间的增加，发芽减少可能是由于刺激了胚胎的第二休眠。

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  • 作者

    Ghasemnezhad Azim;

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  • 年度 2007
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  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
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