ESBL

摘要： Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) appeared some years after the introduction in hospital environment of unhydrolysable or extended-spectrum cephalosporins. Several studies have been reported on the blaTEM, blaCTX-M and blaSHV genes in ESBL producing Enterobacteria, however, very few studies reported in the literature were related to blaCTX-M subgroup blaTOHO. TOHO enzymes were responsible for healthcare-associated infections in hospitals and in the community. In Burkina Faso, data related to these types of enzymes were scarce. The purpose of this study was to detect TOHO enzymes in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in order to know the prevalence of infections related to bacterial resistance due to TOHO enzymes at Saint Camille Hospital of Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso). The study was conducted firstly by microbiological identification of ESBLs-producing by Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae using API 20 E gallery;secondly the antibiogram was performed by the diffusion method and finally the molecular characterization was made by conventional PCR to search for the blaTOHO gene. The visualization of the specific bands was made using the ultraviolet lamp (Gene Flash) for the photography of the gels. Data were entered and analyzed using Excel 2013 and EPI Info version 6.0 software. A p-value < 0.05 was considered as significant. We obtained at all 39 strains constituted by 21 (53.8%) Escherichia coli and 18 (46.2%) Klebsiella pneumoniae. Molecular characterization showed the presence of the blaTOHO gene in 25 bacterial strains (64.1%). It was therefore established in this study the existence of blaTOHO gene at Saint Camille Hospital in Ouagadougou in Burkina Faso. Our study made it possible to know the distribution of the blaTOHO gene in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae.

摘要： 产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(extended spectrumβlactamase,ESBL)肠杆菌科细菌是引起血流感染的重要致病菌,碳青霉烯类抗菌药物是治疗该类多重耐药菌引起的严重感染的有效药物之一.近年来的研究结果发现,哌拉西林他唑巴坦对产ESBL肠杆菌科细菌引起的血流感染具有良好的效果,可作为替代品有效减少细菌对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物耐药的现象.本文主要对近年来国内外有关哌拉西林他唑巴坦治疗产ESBL肠杆菌科细菌引起的血流感染的临床疗效进行总结,旨在为临床提供用药参考.

摘要： 目的:探讨产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(extended spectrumβ-lactamase,ESBL)大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌血流感染的危险因素,为临床预防和识别产ESBL大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌引起的血流感染以及合理用药提供理论基础.方法:回顾性分析某三级医院大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌血流感染病例的临床资料,采用Logistic回归法,分析产ESBL大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌血流感染的危险因素.结果:共纳入280例大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌血流感染病例,分离得到大肠埃希菌196株,肺炎克雷伯菌84株;其中,产ESBL大肠埃希菌、产ESBL肺炎克雷伯菌检出率分别为53.57％(105株)、32.14％(27株).大肠埃希菌感染(OR=3.540,95％CI=1.866～6.719,P<0.001)、近3个月内住院史(OR=2.492,95％CI=1.407～4.414,P=0.002)、近2周内使用头孢菌素类抗菌药物(OR=4.086,95％CI=1.281～13.029,P=0.017)或头孢菌素类抗菌药物/β-内酰胺酶抑制剂复方制剂(OR=4.884,95％CI=1.285～18.560,P=0.020)为产ESBL大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌血流感染的独立危险因素.结论:既往住院史、近期使用头孢菌素类抗菌药物或头孢菌素类抗菌药物/β-内酰胺酶抑制剂复方制剂会增加产ESBL大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌血流感染的风险,建议临床医师充分评估产ESBL菌株感染的危险因素,选择适宜的抗菌药物.

摘要： Africa has experienced rapid urban migration in the past two decades. New informal settlements continue to emerge and expand but the sanitation provision of facilities has not improved at the same pace and this poses a serious health concern to the public especially the urban poor. Open sewage systems and sludge-clogged drainage systems as well as soil contaminated with industrial and domestic wastes are possible sources of germs that probably cause clinical infections and epidemics. In this cross-sectional study, we recorded diverse genera of Gram-negative non-fastidious bacteria that included;Escherichia coli (23%), Klebsiella spp (21%), Enterobacter spp (19%), Citrobacter spp (10%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (8%), Proteus spp (7%), Salmonella (3%), Yersinia spp (3%), Shigella spp (2%), Morganella morganii (2%), Edwardisella spp (1%), Hafnia spp (1%), Serratia marcesence (0.5%), and Acinetobacter baumannii (0.5%). Most of these isolates were resistant to ampicillin while imipenem and ciprofloxacin were the most effective antimicrobial agents. Resistance combination towards ampicillin, trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole and streptomycin was also noted in recovered isolates (16%). An overall high antimicrobial resistance was recorded among isolates from slum as compared to those recovered from Juja, a middle-class settlement located at the edge of Nairobi metropolis. The prevalence of isolates with a combined resistance to 3rd generation cephalosporins (cefotaxime, ceftriaxone and ceftazidime), gentamicin and ciprofloxacin was the highest among P. aeruginosa isolates (13%) but none of the Yersinia species and Edwardisella tarda exhibited this resistance. Carriage of blaTEM (52%) was most prevalent in all bacteria species followed by blaCTX-M (20%), blaSHV (18%) while blaOXA (17%) was the least common. The phylogeny analysis revealed significant genetic similarity among strains belonging to E. coli, K. pneumoniae, E. agglomerans and P. mirabilis strains but less relatedness was noted among strains belonging to C. freundii. Further analysis showed possible clonal expansion of E. agglomerans and K. pneumoniae within the environmental ecosystems.

摘要： Background: Detection of extended spectrum beta lactamase producing bacteria is an important issue in the clinical settings. Objective: The purpose of the present study was to validate the Cica Beta Test 1 for detection of extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria. Method: This analytical type of cross-sectional study was carried out in the Department of Microbiology and Immunology at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka from January 2006 to December 2006 for a period of one (01) year. All the patients presented with the clinical features of urinary tract infection and surgical as well as burn wound infection at any age with both sexes were selected as study population. All bacteria were isolated and identified by their colony morphology, staining characters, pigment production, motility and other relevant biochemical tests. Phenotypic confirmation of ESBLs producing isolates were done by inhibitor potentiated disc diffusion test according to CLSI recommendation. The Cica Beta Test 1 was performed according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Result: A total number of 288 Gram negative bacteria were isolated. Among these isolates Cica Beta test 1 was positive in 97 strains and phenotypic confirmatory test was positive in 89 strains. The test sensitivity of Cica Beta Test 1 was 100% (95% CI 95.9% to 100.0%). Specificity of the test was 96.0% (95% CI 92.2% to 98.2%). The positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) were 92.7% (95% CI 84.5% to 95.7%) and 100.0% (95% CI 98.0% to 100.0%) respectively. The accuracy of the test was 97.2% (95% CI 95.1% to 99.1%). Area under ROC curve = 0.980 (95% CI 0.964 to 0.996);p value 0.0001. Conclusion: In conclusion, Cica Beta Test 1 is very high sensitivity and specificity for the detection of ESBL from Gram negative bacteria.

摘要： Background: Extended spectrum beta lactamases (ESBLs) producing Enterobacteriaceae cause infections that are often reported in both hospital and community setting. These infections are on the increase and jeopardize the achievement of modern medicine because of their clinical implications. There is need for surveillance measures to be taken, both by the health care personnel and the community at large. Methodology: We examined 330 diarrhea stool samples from children below the age of 5 years and processed them. A total of 96 (29%) samples were identified as Klebsiella pneumoniae out of the bacteria isolated. Identification of ESBL was done and 42 K. pneumoniae isolates were tested for the occurrence of blaCTX-M, blaOXA, blaTEM and blaSHV resistant genes by PCR, gel electrophoresis and visualized by UV illumination. Results: Our results revealed that blaCTXM was the most frequent ESBL type 42 (100%), followed by blaTEM in 41 (97.6%) isolates and blaSHVin38 (90.4%) of the isolates. None of the tested isolates were found to be encoding blaOXA. There was occurrence of more than one gene in most of the isolates. The double combination was detected in blaCTX-M/blaTEM (9.5%) and blaCTXM/SHV (2.4%). A triple combination was noted blaTEM/blaSHV/bla CTX-M (88%). Conclusion: Our results indicate that there is Presence of Beta lactam genes associated with antimicrobial resistance among the K. pneumoniae isolates from Mukuru Slum, Kenya. The predominant ESBL genotype in Mukuru slums, Kenya was blaCTX-M followed by blaTEM and blaSHV respectively. There is need for surveillance measures to be taken so as to control the spread among the community.

摘要： Introduction: Catheter Associated Urinary Tract Infection is the most common hospital acquired infection worldwide. Urinary Tract Infections among catheterised patients are on rise regardless of antibiotic use and this is due to erratic use of antibiotics, treatment failure, antimicrobial resistance and emergency of Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase producing bacteria leading to patient distress, increased healthcare costs, long hospital stay and poor patient response to antibiotics. In Uganda, no previous studies have sought to study the burden of CAUTI among catheterized patients, the bacterial pathogens involved and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns yet there is upsurge in antimicrobial resistance of uropathogens. The effective management of patients suffering from Catheter Associated Urinary Tract infection (CAUTI) relays on the identification of uropathogens that cause CAUTI and the selection of an effective antibiotic agent to the uropathen in question. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to determine incidence, etiology and antibiotic susceptibility pattern among the uropathogens causing Catheter Associated Urinary Tract Infections among patients with indwelling catheters at Kabale Regional Referral Hospital. Methods: Using a descriptive prospective observational hospital-based study, the study was conducted on 150 catheterized patients recruited from Emergency, Obstetrics and gynecology, Medical, Maternity and Surgical wards at Kabale Regional Referral Hospital between April and May 2019. The urine samples from study participants were processed in Kabale RRH microbiology laboratory as per standard operating procedures. After isolation and identification, all the isolates were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing for commonly used antibiotics. Results: Following the urine culture from 150 catheterized patients, urine from 23 (15.3%) patients showed significant growth. The common bacterial isolates were Escherichia coli 12 (52%), followed by the Klebsiella pneumoniae 6 (26%), Staphylococcus aureus 3 (13%) and Pseudomonas spp. 2 (8.7%). All Gram-negative isolates were sensitive to Imipenem 20 (100%) while all S. aureus isolates (3) were 100% sensitive to Vancomycin and Cefoxitin. Isolates were sensitive to Gentamicin 20 (82.6), Ceftriaxone 16 (69.6), Ciprofloxacin 10 (43.5) and Nitrofurantoin 9 (39.1). All isolates were 100% resistant to Cotrimoxazole. 6 gram negative isolates were resistant to ceftazidime and were tested for Extended Spectrum Beta (ß) Lactamase (ESBL), 5 (83.3%) were identified as ESBL-producing bacteria. K. pneumonia 3 (60%) presented the highest percentage of ESBLs as compared to E. coli 2 (40%). Conclusions: The Incidence of CAUTI among patients with indwelling urinary catheters at Kabale Regional Referral Hospital is high (15.3%) and is mostly caused by E. coli and K. pneumoniae. These bacteria are resistant to most commonly used antibiotics and thus there is a need to put more emphasis on CAUTI prevention strategies and use culture and sensitivity tests before prescription of antibiotics.

摘要： This paper aims at understanding the information about the antimicrobial resistance and the existence of extended-spectrum 1-1actamases (ESBL) genes in livestock-associated Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus) at some animal farms of Chongqing.One thousand three hundred and seventy-one samples were collected from animal farms.After pretreating,enriching and culturing.The S.aureus specific gene nuc was amplified from the suspected colonies,and the antimicrobial susceptibility of the identified S.aureus was tested.Meanwhile,the ESBL genes were amplified.Results were as follows:Eighty-nine S.aureus clinical strains were isolated and identified from 1 371 samples,including 25 pig-originated strains,32 chicken-originated strains,6 dairy cattle-originated strains,10 goat-originated strains,and 16 rabbit-originated strains.The isolates were most resistant to penicillins,and also more resistant to tetracyclines,macrolides,and quinolones.Except for 2 rabbit-originated strains,other isolates exhibited varying degrees of multi-drug resistance,defined as resistance to 2 to 21 antimicrobials.The most prevalent multidrug resistant strains were pig-originated.The ESBL genes detection result showed that 86 (96.6％) organisms contained blaTEM-1a.The S.aureus isolates were resistant to tested antimicrobials seriously,and most of them carried TEM-1a type ESBL.%为了解重庆市部分养殖场动物源性金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药及携带超广谱8内酰胺酶(extended-spectrum β-lactamases,ESBLs)基因情况,从重庆部分养殖场采集共1 371份样品,经前处理、增菌,划线接种,挑取疑似菌落,PCR扩增金黄色葡萄球菌特异性nuc基因,对分离鉴定的金黄色葡萄球菌进行药物敏感性试验,并检测菌株中携带的ESBL基因.结果显示:从1 371份样品中分离到89株金黄色葡萄球菌,包括25株猪源菌株、32株鸡源菌株、6株牛源菌株、10株羊源菌株和16株兔源菌株.89株菌对青霉素类药物耐药最为严重,其次为四环素类、大环内酯类和喹诺酮类.除2株兔源菌株外,其余分离菌均为多重耐药,耐药数量从2种到21种不等,猪源菌株的多重耐药最为严重.ESBL基因检测结果显示共有86株细菌携带blaTEM-1a基因,携带率高达96.6％.分离的金黄色葡萄球菌菌株耐药严重,且广泛携带TEM-1a型ESBL基因.

摘要： Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli is a global cause of life threatening infections. We determined the presence of ESBL and carbapenemase production in clinical isolates of E. coli and their antibiotic susceptibility. Clinical isolates of community and hospital acquired E. coli from 220 patients seen at a tertiary hospital were evaluated. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was by the modified Kirby-Bauer protocol while ESBL production was determined by the Double Disk Synergy Test (DDST). Carbapenem resistance was confirmed by the Modified Hodge Test. Of the 220 isolates, 122 (55.5%) were from females;41 (18.6%) were ESBL positive. About 90% of the ESBL producing isolates were resistant to nine of the 15 antimicrobial agents tested. However, only one (2.4%) of the 41 ESBL producing isolates exhibited carbapenem resistance. The ESBL negative isolates were susceptible to Meropenem (100%), Cefepime (97.8%), Ceftriaxone (96.6%) and Cefotaxime (96.6%). All the ESBL producing isolates harbored detectable plasmids with sizes ranging from 2322 to 23,130 base pairs. Our findings show that although multidrug resistant ESBL producing E. coli are prevalent in both the hospital and the community in this environment, carbapenem resistance is still low. We recommend that institutions develop guidelines for the early phenotypic detection of ESBLs and carbapenem resistance.

摘要： 随着广谱抗生素的大量应用，细菌的耐药问题日趋严重，ESBL 菌株广泛流行，引起了以头孢菌素为主的多种抗生素的耐药，并可在院内引起暴发流行，给临床治疗带来极大困难。为了解我地区肠杆菌科细菌ESBL的表型及基因型的流行情况，以及ESBL 肠杆菌科细菌的医院感染发生率，以便采取有效措施加以控制，研究了产超广谱β-内酰胺酶肠杆菌科细菌的基因分型。

摘要： 随着广谱抗生素的大量应用，细菌的耐药问题日趋严重，ESBL 菌株广泛流行，引起了以头孢菌素为主的多种抗生素的耐药，并可在院内引起暴发流行，给临床治疗带来极大困难。为了解我地区肠杆菌科细菌ESBL的表型及基因型的流行情况，以及ESBL 肠杆菌科细菌的医院感染发生率，以便采取有效措施加以控制，研究了产超广谱β-内酰胺酶肠杆菌科细菌的基因分型。

摘要： 随着广谱抗生素的大量应用，细菌的耐药问题日趋严重，ESBL 菌株广泛流行，引起了以头孢菌素为主的多种抗生素的耐药，并可在院内引起暴发流行，给临床治疗带来极大困难。为了解我地区肠杆菌科细菌ESBL的表型及基因型的流行情况，以及ESBL 肠杆菌科细菌的医院感染发生率，以便采取有效措施加以控制，研究了产超广谱β-内酰胺酶肠杆菌科细菌的基因分型。

摘要： 目的:评价头孢美唑与加替沙星对33株临床分离的产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBL)细菌的联合抗菌效应. 方法:采用棋盘法设计,微量肉汤稀释法测定.测定不同浓度组合的两种抗菌药物对33株ESBL菌(其中20株大肠埃希菌,13株肺炎克雷伯菌)的最低抑菌浓度,并计算FIC指数. 结果:头孢美唑与加替沙星联合应用后对大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的浓度累积抑菌百分率曲线均比单独应用明显左移.FIC指数结果表明:头孢美唑与加替沙星联合应用后对大肠埃希菌60％为协同作用,40％为相加作用,无无关作用,无拮抗作用;对肺炎克雷伯菌53.85％为协同作用,38.46％为相加作用,7.69％无关作用,无拮抗作用. 结论:对多种抗生素耐药的ESBL菌对加替沙星耐药率较高,对头孢美唑较稳定.两种抗菌药联合应用后MIC明显降低,抗菌作用明显加强.

摘要： 目的:评价头孢美唑与加替沙星对33株临床分离的产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBL)细菌的联合抗菌效应. 方法:采用棋盘法设计,微量肉汤稀释法测定.测定不同浓度组合的两种抗菌药物对33株ESBL菌(其中20株大肠埃希菌,13株肺炎克雷伯菌)的最低抑菌浓度,并计算FIC指数. 结果:头孢美唑与加替沙星联合应用后对大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的浓度累积抑菌百分率曲线均比单独应用明显左移.FIC指数结果表明:头孢美唑与加替沙星联合应用后对大肠埃希菌60％为协同作用,40％为相加作用,无无关作用,无拮抗作用;对肺炎克雷伯菌53.85％为协同作用,38.46％为相加作用,7.69％无关作用,无拮抗作用. 结论:对多种抗生素耐药的ESBL菌对加替沙星耐药率较高,对头孢美唑较稳定.两种抗菌药联合应用后MIC明显降低,抗菌作用明显加强.

摘要： 目的:评价头孢美唑与加替沙星对33株临床分离的产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBL)细菌的联合抗菌效应. 方法:采用棋盘法设计,微量肉汤稀释法测定.测定不同浓度组合的两种抗菌药物对33株ESBL菌(其中20株大肠埃希菌,13株肺炎克雷伯菌)的最低抑菌浓度,并计算FIC指数. 结果:头孢美唑与加替沙星联合应用后对大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的浓度累积抑菌百分率曲线均比单独应用明显左移.FIC指数结果表明:头孢美唑与加替沙星联合应用后对大肠埃希菌60％为协同作用,40％为相加作用,无无关作用,无拮抗作用;对肺炎克雷伯菌53.85％为协同作用,38.46％为相加作用,7.69％无关作用,无拮抗作用. 结论:对多种抗生素耐药的ESBL菌对加替沙星耐药率较高,对头孢美唑较稳定.两种抗菌药联合应用后MIC明显降低,抗菌作用明显加强.

摘要： 目的:评价头孢美唑与加替沙星对33株临床分离的产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBL)细菌的联合抗菌效应. 方法:采用棋盘法设计,微量肉汤稀释法测定.测定不同浓度组合的两种抗菌药物对33株ESBL菌(其中20株大肠埃希菌,13株肺炎克雷伯菌)的最低抑菌浓度,并计算FIC指数. 结果:头孢美唑与加替沙星联合应用后对大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的浓度累积抑菌百分率曲线均比单独应用明显左移.FIC指数结果表明:头孢美唑与加替沙星联合应用后对大肠埃希菌60％为协同作用,40％为相加作用,无无关作用,无拮抗作用;对肺炎克雷伯菌53.85％为协同作用,38.46％为相加作用,7.69％无关作用,无拮抗作用. 结论:对多种抗生素耐药的ESBL菌对加替沙星耐药率较高,对头孢美唑较稳定.两种抗菌药联合应用后MIC明显降低,抗菌作用明显加强.

摘要： 目的:评价头孢美唑与加替沙星对33株临床分离的产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBL)细菌的联合抗菌效应. 方法:采用棋盘法设计,微量肉汤稀释法测定.测定不同浓度组合的两种抗菌药物对33株ESBL菌(其中20株大肠埃希菌,13株肺炎克雷伯菌)的最低抑菌浓度,并计算FIC指数. 结果:头孢美唑与加替沙星联合应用后对大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的浓度累积抑菌百分率曲线均比单独应用明显左移.FIC指数结果表明:头孢美唑与加替沙星联合应用后对大肠埃希菌60％为协同作用,40％为相加作用,无无关作用,无拮抗作用;对肺炎克雷伯菌53.85％为协同作用,38.46％为相加作用,7.69％无关作用,无拮抗作用. 结论:对多种抗生素耐药的ESBL菌对加替沙星耐药率较高,对头孢美唑较稳定.两种抗菌药联合应用后MIC明显降低,抗菌作用明显加强.

摘要： 目的:评价头孢美唑与加替沙星对33株临床分离的产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBL)细菌的联合抗菌效应. 方法:采用棋盘法设计,微量肉汤稀释法测定.测定不同浓度组合的两种抗菌药物对33株ESBL菌(其中20株大肠埃希菌,13株肺炎克雷伯菌)的最低抑菌浓度,并计算FIC指数. 结果:头孢美唑与加替沙星联合应用后对大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的浓度累积抑菌百分率曲线均比单独应用明显左移.FIC指数结果表明:头孢美唑与加替沙星联合应用后对大肠埃希菌60％为协同作用,40％为相加作用,无无关作用,无拮抗作用;对肺炎克雷伯菌53.85％为协同作用,38.46％为相加作用,7.69％无关作用,无拮抗作用. 结论:对多种抗生素耐药的ESBL菌对加替沙星耐药率较高,对头孢美唑较稳定.两种抗菌药联合应用后MIC明显降低,抗菌作用明显加强.

摘要： 目的:评价头孢美唑与加替沙星对33株临床分离的产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBL)细菌的联合抗菌效应. 方法:采用棋盘法设计,微量肉汤稀释法测定.测定不同浓度组合的两种抗菌药物对33株ESBL菌(其中20株大肠埃希菌,13株肺炎克雷伯菌)的最低抑菌浓度,并计算FIC指数. 结果:头孢美唑与加替沙星联合应用后对大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的浓度累积抑菌百分率曲线均比单独应用明显左移.FIC指数结果表明:头孢美唑与加替沙星联合应用后对大肠埃希菌60％为协同作用,40％为相加作用,无无关作用,无拮抗作用;对肺炎克雷伯菌53.85％为协同作用,38.46％为相加作用,7.69％无关作用,无拮抗作用. 结论:对多种抗生素耐药的ESBL菌对加替沙星耐药率较高,对头孢美唑较稳定.两种抗菌药联合应用后MIC明显降低,抗菌作用明显加强.

摘要： 本发明属于医药领域，具体公开了桉树脑在制备抗产ESBLs大肠杆菌药物中的应用。本发明针对现有产ESBLs大肠杆菌药物的研究现状，深入研究发现在牛至挥发油中具有抑制产ESBLs大肠杆菌的活性单体为桉树脑，单体桉树脑能够影响产ESBLs大肠杆菌耐药靶点‑‑生物被膜的形成，这为缓解或解决产ESBLs大肠杆菌的感染，提高临床治疗有效率，降低病死率，节约医疗资源奠定了有意义的研究基础，为耐药菌的防治提出了新的研究思路，具有重要的研究意义。

摘要： 一种对产ESBLs大肠杆菌产生耐药性影响的中药筛选方法，在96孔板上采用微量试管二倍稀释法测定西药和拟筛选中药对产ESBLs大肠杆菌株的最小抑菌浓度，然后在培养基中加入亚抑菌浓度的中药再次使用微量试管二倍稀释法培养测定西药的最小抑菌浓度；利用连续传代法在加有同样亚抑菌浓度中药和同样浓度西药的培养基中传代培养，直至观测到的西药最小抑菌浓度与传代前相比变小4倍以上，即可判断为该中药对西药具有耐药逆转作用。本发明不受细菌被中药作用后是否仍能培养的限制，能够避免中药杀菌作用和耐药逆转作用的冲突，扩大了中药的筛选种类和范围，操作方便，能够准确快速地判断筛选结果。

摘要： 通式(I)所示的头孢烯化合物或其药学上可接受的盐：其中R

摘要： 本发明公开了一种产ESBLs细菌检测试剂，其中包括胰酪胨、酵母浸粉、牛肉浸粉、NaCl、3‑吗啉丙磺酸、丙酮酸钠、硝酸钾、海藻糖、酚红、亚甲基蓝、制霉菌素、牛胆盐、万古霉素等成分。为方便检测，本发明将该检测试剂应用于检测产ESBLs细菌试剂盒中。本发明通过科学配制的检测试剂，可对样本中的产ESBLs细菌进行直接检测，且试剂成本低；通过在检测板上包被特殊底物、生长因子、抑制剂，使产ESBLs细菌特异性生长，从而对产ESBLs细菌进行及时检测，给临床提供了科学有效的指导，对预防控制院内感染的流行具有重要价值，而检测结果只需要目测，无需借助其他专用设备，满足了不同客户群的需求；同时由于其检测周期短，24小时内即能出结果，有利于患者的早期诊断和治疗。

摘要： 本发明属于医药领域，具体公开了桉树脑在制备抗产ESBLs大肠杆菌药物中的应用。本发明针对现有产ESBLs大肠杆菌药物的研究现状，深入研究发现在牛至挥发油中具有抑制产ESBLs大肠杆菌的活性单体为桉树脑，单体桉树脑能够影响产ESBLs大肠杆菌耐药靶点‑‑生物被膜的形成，这为缓解或解决产ESBLs大肠杆菌的感染，提高临床治疗有效率，降低病死率，节约医疗资源奠定了有意义的研究基础，为耐药菌的防治提出了新的研究思路，具有重要的研究意义。

摘要： 本发明公开了一种使产ESBLs的多重耐药菌敏感性恢复的方法，包括如下步骤：(1)从临床选取原始菌株，保藏备用；(2)将所述各原始菌株经增菌、分离制备成菌悬液；(3)转种并经血液增菌肉汤管传代；(4)测定药敏，得出血液增菌肉汤管传代培养得到的细菌的药物敏感性恢复情况。本发明使产ESBLs的多重耐药菌敏感性恢复的方法切实可行，其结果具有准确、可靠的优点。

摘要： 一种对产ESBLs大肠杆菌产生耐药性影响的中药筛选方法，在96孔板上采用微量试管二倍稀释法测定西药和拟筛选中药对产ESBLs大肠杆菌株的最小抑菌浓度，然后在培养基中加入亚抑菌浓度的中药再次使用微量试管二倍稀释法培养测定西药的最小抑菌浓度；利用连续传代法在加有同样亚抑菌浓度中药和同样浓度西药的培养基中传代培养，直至观测到的西药最小抑菌浓度与传代前相比变小4倍以上，即可判断为该中药对西药具有耐药逆转作用。本发明不受细菌被中药作用后是否仍能培养的限制，能够避免中药杀菌作用和耐药逆转作用的冲突，扩大了中药的筛选种类和范围，操作方便，能够准确快速地判断筛选结果。

摘要： 通式(I)所示的头孢烯化合物或其药学上可接受的盐：其中R