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Modeling Negative Feedback in Single Photon Avalanche Diodes

机译：在单光子雪崩二极管中建模负反馈

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Recently, considerable attention has been placed upon exploiting the negative-feedback effect in accelerating the quenching time of the avalanche current in passively quenched single-photon avalanche-diode (SPAD) circuits. Reducing the quenching time results in a reduction in the total charge generated in the SPAD, thereby reducing the number of trapped carries; this, in turn, can lead to improved after-pulsing characteristics. A passively quenched SPAD circuit consists of a DC source connected to the SPAD, to provide the reverse bias, and a series load resistor. Upon a photon-generated electron-hole pair triggering an avalanche breakdown, current through the diode and the load resistor rises quickly reaching a steady state value, after which it can collapse (quench) at a stochastic time. In this paper we review recent analytical and Monte-Carlo based models for the quenching time. In addition, results on the statistics of the quenching time and the avalanche pulse duration of SPADs with arbitrary time-variant field across the multiplication region are presented. The calculations of the statistics of the avalanche pulse duration use the dead-space multiplication theory (DSMT) to determine the probability of the avalanche pulse to quench by time t after the instant s at which the electron-hole pair that triggers the avalanche was created. In the analytical and Monte-Carlo based models for the quenching time, the dynamic negative feedback, which is due to the dynamic voltage drop across the load resistor, is taken into account. In addition, in the Monte-Carlo simulations the stochastic nature of the avalanche current is also considered.
机译：近来，在加速被动钝化单光子雪崩二极管（SPAD）电路中雪崩电流的淬灭时间方面，已经集中精力开发负反馈效应。减少淬灭时间可减少SPAD中产生的总电荷，从而减少捕获的进位数量；这反过来又可以改善后脉冲特性。无源淬火SPAD电路由连接到SPAD的直流电源（提供反向偏置）和串联负载电阻组成。当光子产生的电子-空穴对触发雪崩击穿时，流经二极管和负载电阻的电流迅速上升，达到稳态值，此后它可以在随机时间崩溃（猝灭）。在本文中，我们回顾了最近的分析模型和基于蒙特卡洛的淬火时间。此外，还给出了跨乘法区域具有任意时变场的SPAD的猝灭时间和雪崩脉冲持续时间的统计结果。雪崩脉冲持续时间的统计计算使用死空间乘法理论（DSMT）确定在创建触发雪崩的电子空穴对的瞬间s之后，雪崩脉冲在时间t之前猝灭的可能性。 。在基于淬火时间的解析模型和基于蒙特卡洛的模型中，考虑了由于负载电阻两端的动态压降而引起的动态负反馈。此外，在蒙特卡洛模拟中，还考虑了雪崩电流的随机性。

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