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Assessing the stability of piled tripod foundations for offshore wind turbines under cyclic loading

机译：在循环载荷下评估海上风力涡轮机堆积三脚架基础的稳定性

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As offshore wind projects move further offshore into deeper waters, tripod and jacket structures are becoming the most economic method of supporting wind turbines. These support structures are subjected to cyclic loading arising from wind, waves and currents. Traditional offshore oil & gas tripods / jacket structures generally support large deadloads and the magnitude of the cyclic loading is low in comparison to these permanent loads. The wind turbine support structures are much lighter than traditional jackets meaning the cyclic loading is a significant proportion of the total loads. The cyclic loads are transferred to the foundation where they could cause degradation of the subsoil. The response of the piles to long term cyclic lateral and axial loads is complex and there are no generally accepted methodologies to predict the effect of cyclic loading on the foundation resistance. This paper describes the available methodologies to account for the potential effects of cyclic loading on the foundation resistance of tripod piles driven in dense sand. A rational design approach is outlined based on available fieldor model scale results and past experience in the offshore oil & gas industry. The design approach shows how the effects of cyclic axial and lateral loading on pile resistance can be accounted for. The limitations of the design approach are reviewed as well as the inherent conservatism. Due to the relatively small database of pile tests, conservatism is inevitable. Further research into the long-term behavior of tripod piles is clearly warranted.
机译：由于海上风力项目进一步移动进入深水区，三脚架和夹克结构正成为支持风力涡轮机的最经济的方法。这些支撑结构受到风，波和电流产生的循环载荷。传统的海上油气三脚架/夹套结构通常支持大的致命载荷，与这些永久载荷相比，循环负载的大小很低。风力涡轮机支撑结构比传统夹套更轻，旨在循环负载是总负载的大量比例。循环载荷转移到基础中，它们可能导致底层的降解。桩对长期循环横向和轴向载荷的响应是复杂的，并且没有通常接受的方法来预测循环负载对基础电阻的影响。本文介绍了可用的方法，以考虑循环加载对致密沙滩驱动的三脚架桩基电阻的潜在效果。基于可用的Firedor模型比例结果和海上石油和天然气工业的过去经验，概述了合理的设计方法。设计方法显示如何占循环轴向和横向负载对桩电阻的影响。综述设计方法的局限性以及固有的保守主义。由于桩的数据库相对较小，保守主义是不可避免的。进一步研究三脚架桩的长期行为是明确保证的。

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