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TELOCYTES - A Novel Type of Interstitial Cells

机译：TELOCYTES-一种新型的间质细胞

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We have recently described a novel type of interstitial (stromal) cells - Telocytes (TC) - in several cavitary and non-cavitary organs from humans and other mammalians. TC have a small cell body, but specific (unique) prolongations that we named Telopodes (Tp). Therefore, the simplest definition for TC is: cells with Tp. Tp are characterized by: a) number (1-5/cell, frequently 2 or 3); b) length (tens up to hundreds of u,m); c) moniliform aspect - an alternation of thin segments, podomeres (with caliber under 200 nm, below the resolving power of light microscopy) and dilated segments, podoms, which accommodate mitochondria, (rough) endoplas-mic- reticulum and caveolae, the so-called "Gr~(2+) uptake/release units"; d) dichotomous branching pattern forming a 3D network, a labyrinthine system with complex homo- and heterocellular junctions, revealed only by electron tomography. Significantly, TC (especially Tp) release shed vesicles and exosomes, sending macromolecular signals to neighbor cells, thus modifying their transcriptional activity, eventually. The lenghth and ramifications of Tp together with the intercellular junctions and the releasing of shed vesicles or exosomes suggest an essential role of TC in intercellular signaling and coordination. Noteworthy, at least in some organs (e.g. heart and lungs) TC and stem cells (SC) are located in tandem within the so called stem cell niches, where Tp surround stem cells (SC). TC heterocellular contacts, as well as the impulsion of shed vesicles assure TC - SC sinergy. Presumably, TC "nurse" SC in stem cell niches.
机译：我们最近描述了一种新型的间质（间质）细胞-端粒细胞（TC）-来自人类和其他哺乳动物的几种空洞和非空洞器官。 TC的细胞体很小，但是特定的（独特的）延伸被我们称为Telopodes（Tp）。因此，TC的最简单定义是：Tp的单元格。 Tp的特征在于：a）数字（1-5个/单元，通常为2或3）； b）长度（数十至数百μm）； c）纤毛状-细段，足小体（口径在200 nm以下，低于光学显微镜的分辨力）和扩张的段，小体的交替，它们容纳线粒体，（粗糙的）内质网和小窝，因此所谓的“ Gr〜（2+）吸收/释放单位”； d）形成3D网络的二分式分支模式，这是具有复杂的同质和异质细胞连接的迷宫系统，仅通过电子断层扫描即可显示。值得注意的是，TC（尤其是Tp）释放脱落的囊泡和外泌体，将大分子信号发送到邻近细胞，从而最终改变了它们的转录活性。 Tp的长度和分支以及细胞间的连接以及脱落的囊泡或外泌体的释放表明TC在细胞间的信号传导和协调中起着至关重要的作用。值得注意的是，至少在某些器官（例如心脏和肺）中，TC和干细胞（SC）串联排列在所谓的干细胞壁ches中，其中Tp围绕着干细胞（SC）。 TC异细胞接触以及脱落的囊泡的冲动确保了TC-SC的sinergy。据推测，TC在干细胞壁ni中“护理” SC。

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