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首页> 美国卫生研究院文献>Ecology and Evolution >Hybridization of cultivated Vitis vinifera with wild V. californica and V. girdiana in California
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Hybridization of cultivated Vitis vinifera with wild V. californica and V. girdiana in California

机译：栽培的葡萄与加利福尼亚州的野生加州牧草和弗吉尼亚州牧草杂交

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Hybridization of introduced domesticates and closely related natives is well documented in annual crops. The widespread introduction of the domesticated grapevine, Vitis vinifera, into California where it overlaps with two native congenerics, with which it is interfertile, provides opportunity to investigate hybridization between woody perennials. Although geographically widespread, the introduction over the past two centuries has been limited to a few elite clonal cultivars, providing a unique opportunity to study the effects of hybridization on the native species. The amount of hybridization with V. vinifera and the genetic diversity of wild‐growing Vitis californica and Vitis girdiana were examined using nineteen microsatellite markers. STRUCTURE analysis was used to define hybrid and introgressed individuals and to analyze genetic structure of the native species. FAMOZ software was used to identify which V. vinifera cultivars served as parents of F 1 hybrids. The three species were clearly distinguished by STRUCTURE analysis. Thirty percent of 119 V. californica vines were hybrids. The domesticated parent was identified for 16 F 1 hybrid vines; the original California cultivar, ‘Mission’, was the parent of eight. Backcrosses were also found, showing introgression into subsequent generations. Similar results were obtained for a small sample of V. girdiana. Removing hybrids greatly reduced the genetic variation of the presumed pure species, among which there was essentially no genetic structure. Limited genetic variability indicates the California natives may be threatened by genetic erosion. The discovery of F 1 hybrids of ‘Mission’, a cultivar not grown in the areas for ~100 years, suggests long generation times for wild vines that, often, grow into expansive liana and propagate by layering, all factors that limit recruitment in populations already disjunct by habitat lose. Hermaphroditic flowers and fruit that is more attractive to birds may favor the production of backcross seed and establishment of introgressed individuals.
机译：在一年生作物中已充分证明了引入的家养动物和密切相关的本地人的杂交。驯化的葡萄Vitis vinifera广泛地引入加利福尼亚，在加利福尼亚与两个天然的同系物重叠，具有干扰性，为研究多年生木本植物之间的杂交提供了机会。尽管在地理上分布广泛，但过去两个世纪以来的引进仅限于一些优良的克隆品种，为研究杂交对本地物种的影响提供了独特的机会。使用19个微卫星标记检查了与葡萄酿酒酵母的杂交量以及野生葡萄和加利福尼亚葡萄的遗传多样性。使用结构分析来定义杂种和渗入个体，并分析本地物种的遗传结构。使用FAMOZ软件确定哪些葡萄栽培品种是F 1杂种的亲本。通过结构分析可以清楚地区分这三个物种。 119株加州葡萄中有30％是杂种。鉴定出的家养父本为16株F 1杂交藤;最初的加利福尼亚品种'Mission'是8个的父母。还发现了回交，显示出向后代的渗入。一小部分V.girdiana样品获得了相似的结果。去除杂种大大减少了假定纯种的遗传变异，其中基本上没有遗传结构。有限的遗传变异性表明加利福尼亚本地人可能受到遗传侵蚀的威胁。 “ Mission”的F 1杂种的发现，该品种在该地区未生长约100年，这表明野生藤本植物的繁殖时间长，通常长成藤本植物并通过分层繁殖，所有这些因素限制了种群的招募已经因栖息地丧失而分离。对鸟类更有吸引力的雌雄同体的花和果实可能有利于产生回交种子和建立有个性的个体。

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