Phoenix dactylifera: An update of its indegenous uses,phytochemistry and pharmacology

Neeraj Vyawahare; Rohini Pujari; Ajay Khsirsagar; Deepa Ingawale; Manoj Patil; Virendra Kagathara

摘要

Phoenix dactylifera L (Date palm) belonging to family Arecaceae, called ‘Nakhla’ and the ‘Tree of Life’ by the Arabs, is considered as one of the oldest cultivated fruit trees. It is believed to be indigenous to the countries around the Arabian Gulf. Many Middle Easterners believe that consumption of date fruits, particularly in the morning on an empty stomach, can reverse the actions of any toxic material that the subject may have been exposed to. Different parts of this plant are traditionally claimed to be used for the treatment of a broad spectrum of ailments including memory disturbances, fever, loss of consciousness and nervous disorders. There has been a tremendous interest in this plant as evidenced by the voluminous work in last few decades. Therefore, we aimed to compile an up to date and comprehensive review of Phoenix dactylifera that covers its traditional and folk medicine uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology including various preclinical and clinical studies. Introduction The role of traditional medicines in the solution of health problems is invaluable on a global level. Medicinal plants continue to provide valuable therapeutic agents, both in modern and in traditional medicine 1 . With the associated side effects of the modern medicine, traditional medicines are gaining importance and are now being studied to find the scientific basis of their therapeutic actions 2 . Research work on medicinal plants has intensified and information on these plants has been exchanged. This research will go a long way in the scientific exploration of medicinal plants for the benefit of man and is likely to decrease the dependence on synthetic drugs 3 . Phoenix dactylifera L. (date palm) a diploid with 2n = 36, is a member of the monocot family Arecaceae classified as a dioecious tall evergreen tree 4 . Date palms have been cultivated in the Middle East since at least 6000 BC 5 . It is considered as native to countries around the Arabian Gulf 6 . The Palm family is a symbol of prosperity and love to Muslims and its legend dates back to Judeo-Christian mythology 7 . Date palm fruits have been an important component of the diet in most of the arid and semiarid regions of the world 8 . The various parts of this plant are widely used in traditional medicine for the treatment of various disorders which include memory disturbances, fever, inflammation, paralysis, loss of consciousness, nervous disorders 910 . The fruits of Phoenix dactylifera are used as a detersive and astringent in intestinal troubles, treatment for sore throat, colds, bronchial asthma, to relieve fever, cystisis, gonorrhea, edema, liver and abdominal troubles and to counteract alcohol intoxication 11 . It is also scientifically proved to posses a variety of pharmacological activities which indicate its usefulness in various kinds of diseases and disorders. Taxonomy Kingdom: PlantaeDivision: MagnoliophytaClass: LiliopsidaOrder: ArecalesFamily: ArecaceaeGenus: PhoenixSpecies: Phoenix dactyliferaBinomial mane: Phoenix dactylifera Linn Botanical Description The date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) is dioecious, medium-sized tree with pinnate leaves containing about 150 leaflets having spines on the petiole. It consists of small yellowish flowers attached directly to the spikelets which develop into fruits. The fruits are known as dates.. They are oval-cylindrical having single seed and range from bright red to bright yellow in colour when unripe, depending on variety 9 . Phytochemistry Phytochemically the whole plant contains carbohydrates, alkaloids, steroids, flavonoids, vitamins and tannins. The phenolic profile of the plant revealed the presence of mainly cinnamic acids (ferulic, sinapic and coumaric acids and their derivatives, such as 5-o-caffeoylshikimic acid also called as dactyliferic acid), flavonoid glycosides (luteolin, methyl luteolin, quercetin, and methyl quercetin), flavanols (catechin, epicatechin) 121314 . Four free phenolic acids (protocatechuic acid, van

机译：属于槟榔科的Phoenix dactylifera L（枣椰子）被阿拉伯人称为“ Nakhla”和“生命之树”，被认为是最古老的栽培果树之一。它被认为是阿拉伯海湾周围国家的土著。许多中东人认为，食用枣类水果，尤其是早晨空腹吃东西，可以逆转受试者可能接触过的任何有毒物质的作用。传统上声称该植物的不同部位可用于治疗多种疾病，包括记忆障碍，发烧，意识丧失和神经障碍。最近几十年来的大量工作证明了对该植物的极大兴趣。因此，我们的目的是对Phoenix dactylifera进行最新的综合综述，涵盖其传统和民间医学用途，植物化学和药理学，包括各种临床前和临床研究。引言在全球范围内，传统药物在解决健康问题中的作用是无价的。在现代医学和传统医学中，药用植物继续提供有价值的治疗剂1。随着现代医学的相关副作用，传统医学正变得越来越重要，目前正在对其进行研究以找到其治疗作用的科学依据2。药用植物的研究工作已经加强，有关这些植物的信息已经交换。这项研究将对人类有益的药用植物科学探索大有帮助，并有可能减少对合成药物的依赖3。 Phoenix dactylifera L.（枣椰子）是2n = 36的二倍体，是单子叶植物槟榔科的成员，被归为雌雄异株的常绿乔木4。自至少公元前6000年以来，中东就有椰枣种植5。它被视为原产于阿拉伯海湾6周围的国家。棕榈家族是穆斯林富裕和热爱的象征，其传说可以追溯到犹太教-基督教神话7。在世界上大多数干旱和半干旱地区，枣椰子果实已成为饮食的重要组成部分8。该植物的各个部分广泛用于传统医学中，用于治疗各种疾病，包括记忆障碍，发烧，炎症，瘫痪，意识丧失，神经疾病910。 Phoenix dactylifera的果实在肠道疾病，喉咙痛，感冒，支气管哮喘，缓解发烧，囊肿，淋病，水肿，肝脏和腹部疾病以及抵抗酒精中毒11方面用作清洁剂和收敛剂。经科学证明，它具有多种药理活性，表明其可用于多种疾病和病症。分类王国：植物科部门：木兰科植物：鳞翅目科：槟榔科家庭：槟榔科属：凤凰种：凤凰dactylifera二位鬃毛：凤凰dactylifera Linn植物性描述枣椰子（Phoenix dactylifera）是雌雄异株，中等大小的树，具小叶的小叶具小刺的叶具小叶的约150 。它由直接附着在小穗上的小黄花组成，小穗长成果实。果实被称为枣。它们是卵圆形的，具有单个种子，生时的颜色范围从鲜红色到鲜黄色，取决于品种9。植物化学植物化学上整个植物都含有碳水化合物，生物碱，类固醇，类黄酮，维生素和单宁。该植物的酚类特征表明，主要存在肉桂酸（阿魏酸，芥子酸和香豆酸及其衍生物，例如5-邻-咖啡酰shi草酸，也称为半乳糖醛酸），类黄酮苷（木犀草素，甲基木犀草素，槲皮素和甲基槲皮素），黄烷醇（儿茶素，表儿茶素）121314。四种游离酚酸（原儿茶酸，范

Phoenix dactylifera: An update of its indegenous uses,phytochemistry and pharmacology

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