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Intensity and impact of the New York railroad superstorm of May 1921

机译：1921年5月纽约铁路超级风暴的强度和影响

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Analysis is made of low-latitude ground-based magnetometer data recording the magnetic superstorm of May 1921. By inference, the storm was driven by a series of interplanetary coronal mass ejections, one of which produced a maximum pressure on the magnetopause of similar to 64.5 nPa, sufficient to compress the subsolar magnetopause radius to similar to 5.3 Earth radii. Over the course of the storm, low-latitude geomagnetic disturbance exhibited extreme local time (longitude) asymmetry that can be attributed to substorm disturbance extending to low latitudes. The storm attained an estimated maximum -Dst on 15 May of 907 +/- 132 nT, an intensity comparable to that of the Carrington event of 1859. The May 1921 storm brought spectacular aurorae to the nighttime sky. It also interfered with and damaged telephone and telegraph systems associated with railroad systems in New York City and State. These later effects were due to a combination of three factors: the localized details of geomagnetic vector disturbance, the geographic expression of the Earth's surface impedance tensor, and the configurations and physical parameters of the electrical networks of the day.Plain Language Summary Historical records of ground-level geomagnetic disturbance are analyzed for the magnetic superstorm of May 1921. This storm was almost certainly driven by a series of interplanetary coronal mass ejections of plasma from an active region on the Sun. The May 1921 storm was one of the most intense ever recorded by ground-level magnetometers. It exhibited violent levels of geomagnetic disturbance, caused widespread interference to telephone and telegraph systems in New York City and State, and brought spectacular aurorae to the nighttime sky. Results inform modern projects for assessing and mitigating the effects of magnetic storms that might occur in the future.
机译：对低纬度地面磁力计数据进行了分析，记录了1921年5月的磁性超级风暴。据推断，该风暴是由一系列行星际日冕物质抛射所驱动的，其中一次对磁层顶产生的最大压力类似于64.5。 nPa，足以将太阳下磁层顶压缩到类似于5.3地球半径。在暴风雨过程中，低纬度地磁扰动表现出极端的局部时间（经度）不对称性，这可归因于亚暴风雨扰动扩展到低纬度。风暴在907 +/- 132 nT的5月15日达到了估计的最大-Dst，其强度与1859年卡灵顿事件的强度相当。1921年5月的风暴将夜空引人入胜。它还干扰并损坏了与纽约市和州铁路系统相关的电话和电报系统。这些后来的影响归因于三个因素的组合：地磁矢量扰动的局部细节，地球表面阻抗张量的地理表达以及当天电网的配置和物理参数。针对1921年5月的磁性超级风暴，对了地面地磁干扰进行了分析。几乎可以肯定地认为，该风暴是由太阳活动区域发出的一系列行星际日冕质量等离子体推动的。 1921年5月的风暴是地面磁力计记录的最强烈的风暴之一。它表现出强烈的地磁干扰水平，对纽约市和州的电话和电报系统造成了广泛的干扰，并给夜空带来了壮观的极光。结果为评估和减轻未来可能发生的电磁风暴影响的现代项目提供了信息。

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