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Integrating the metapopulation and habitat paradigms for understanding broad-scale declines of species

机译：整合种群和栖息地范式，以了解物种的广泛衰退

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Caughley (1994) argued that researchers working on threatened populations tended to follow the "small population paradigm" or the "declining population paradigm," and that greater integration of these paradigms was needed. Here I suggest that two related paradigms exist at the broader spatial scale, namely the metapopulation paradigm and habitat paradigm, and that these two paradigms also need to be integrated if we are to provide sound management advice. This integration is not trivial, and I outline five problems that need to be addressed: (1) habitat variables may not measure habitat quality, so site-specific data on vital rates are needed to resolve the effects of habitat quality and metapopulation dynamics; (2) measurements of vital rates may be confounded by movements, (3) vital rates may be density dependent, (4) vital rates may be affected by genotype; and (5) vital rates cannot be measured in unoccupied patches. I reviewed papers published in Conservation Biology from 1994 to 2003 and found 41 studies that analyzed data from 10 or more sites to understand the factors limiting species' distributions. Five of the analyses presented were purely within the metapopulation paradigm, 14 were purely within the habitat paradigm, 17 involved elements of both paradigms, and 7 were theoretically ambiguous (2 papers presented 2 distinct analyses and were counted twice). This suggests that many researchers appreciate the need to integrate the paradigms. Only one study, however, used data on vital rates to resolve the effects of habitat quality and metapopulation dynamics (problem 1), and this study did not address problems 2-5. I conclude that more intensive research incorporating site-specific data on vital rates and movement is needed to complement the numerous analyses of distributional data being produced.
机译：Caughley（1994）认为，研究受威胁人口的研究人员倾向于遵循“小人口范式”或“下降人口范式”，因此需要将这些范式进行更大的整合。在这里，我建议在更广泛的空间尺度上存在两种相关的范式，即种群分布范式和栖息地范式，并且如果我们要提供合理的管理建议，这两个范式也需要整合。这种整合并非无关紧要，我概述了五个需要解决的问题：（1）生境变量可能无法衡量生境质量，因此需要特定地点的生命率数据来解决生境质量和种群动态变化的影响; （2）生命率的测量可能与运动混淆，（3）生命率可能与密度有关，（4）生命率可能受基因型影响; （5）生命率无法以空置的补丁来衡量。我回顾了1994年至2003年在《保护生物学》上发表的论文，发现41项研究分析了10个或更多站点的数据，以了解限制物种分布的因素。提出的分析中有五项纯在种群分布范式内，十四种纯粹在生境范式内，两种范式涉及17个元素，而理论上则有7个模棱两可（2篇论文提出了2种不同的分析方法，并进行了两次计数）。这表明许多研究人员认识到需要整合范式。然而，只有一项研究使用生命率数据来解决栖息地质量和种群动态的影响（问题1），而该研究并未解决问题2-5。我得出结论，需要进行更深入的研究，结合有关生命率和运动的特定地点数据，以补充对正在生成的分布数据的众多分析。

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