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The evolving fungal genome

机译：不断进化的真菌基因组

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摘要

Fungal genomes vary considerably in size and organization. The genome of Microsporidium contains less than 3 Mb while the genomes of several Basidiomycetes and Ascomycetes greatly exceed 100 Mb. Likewise chromosome numbers and ploidy levels can differ even between closely related species. The differences in genome architecture among fungi reflect the interplay of different mutational processes as well as the population biology of the different species. Comparative genome studies have elucidated the underlying mechanisms of genome evolution in different groups of fungi and have provided insight into species-specific genomic traits. Mobile genetic elements have been instrumental in shaping the genome architecture and gene content in many fungal species. In many pathogenic fungi the mobile genetic elements even play a crucial role in rapid adaptive evolution by mediating high rates of sequence mutations, chromosomal rearrangements, and ploidy changes. But in many species mobile elements are efficiently restricted by defense mechanisms, which have evolved to suppress and regulate parasitic elements. Different rates of genome dynamic and adaptive evolution may reflect varying effective population sizes through which genetic drift and natural selection have differentially affected genome architecture in fungi over time. (C) 2014 The British Mycological Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
机译：真菌基因组的大小和组织差异很大。微孢子虫的基因组包含少于3 Mb，而几种担子菌和子囊菌的基因组则大大超过100 Mb。同样，即使在密切相关的物种之间，染色体数和倍性水平也可能不同。真菌之间基因组结构的差异反映了不同突变过程的相互作用以及不同物种的种群生物学。比较基因组研究阐明了不同真菌类别中基因组进化的潜在机制，并提供了对物种特异性基因组性状的见解。流动的遗传元件在塑造许多真菌物种的基因组结构和基因含量方面发挥了重要作用。在许多致病性真菌中，通过介导高比率的序列突变，染色体重排和倍性变化，移动遗传元件甚至在快速适应性进化中起关键作用。但是，在许多物种中，可移动元素受到防御机制的有效限制，防御机制已演变为抑制和调节寄生元素。基因组动态和适应性进化的不同速率可能反映了有效种群大小的变化，随着时间的流逝，遗传漂移和自然选择通过这些差异影响了真菌中的基因组结构。 （C）2014英国Mycological Society。由Elsevier Ltd.出版。保留所有权利。

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