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首页> 外文期刊>Mutation Research. Reviews in Mutation Research >The evolution of cell death programs as prerequisites of multicellularity [Review]
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The evolution of cell death programs as prerequisites of multicellularity [Review]

机译：细胞死亡程序的进化是多细胞性的前提[综述]

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One of the hallmarks of multicellularity is that the individual cellular fate is sacrificed for the benefit of a higher order of life-the organism. The accidental death of cells in a multicellular organism results in swelling and membrane-rupture and inevitably spills cell contents into the surrounding tissue with deleterious effects for the organism. To avoid this form of necrotic death the cells of metazoans have developed complex self-destruction mechanisms, collectively called programmed cell death, which see to an orderly removal of superfluous cells. Since evolution never invents new genes but plays variations on old themes by DNA mutations, it is not surprising, that some of the genes involved in metazoan death pathways apparently have evolved from homologues in unicellular organisms, where they originally had different functions. Interestingly some unicellular protozoans have developed a primitive form of non-necrotic cell death themselves, which could mean that the idea of an altruistic death for the benefit of genetically identical cells predated the invention of multicellularity. The cell death pathways of protozoans, however, show no homology to those in metazoans, where several death pathways seem to have evolved in parallel. Mitochondria stands at the beginning of several death pathways and also determines, whether a cell has sufficient energy to complete a death program. However, the endosymbiotic bacterial ancestors of mitochondria are unlikely to have contributed to the recent mitochondrial death machinery and therefore, these components may derive from mutated eukaryotic precursors and might have invaded the respective mitochondrial compartments. Although there is no direct evidence, it seems that the prokaryotic-eukaryotic symbiosis created the space necessary for sophisticated death mechanisms on command, which in their distinct forms are major factors for the evolution of multicellular organisms.
机译：多细胞性的标志之一是，牺牲单个细胞的命运是为了获得更高生命的生命-有机体。多细胞生物中细胞的意外死亡会导致肿胀和膜破裂，并不可避免地将细胞内容物溢出到周围组织中，从而对生物产生有害影响。为了避免这种形式的坏死性死亡，后生动物已发展出复杂的自我破坏机制，统称为程序性细胞死亡，可以有序地清除多余的细胞。由于进化论从来没有发明新基因，而是通过DNA突变在旧主题上发挥变化，因此毫不奇怪，参与后生动物死亡途径的某些基因显然是从单细胞生物体中的同源物进化而来的，它们原本具有不同的功能。有趣的是，一些单细胞原生动物本身已经发展出一种非坏死性细胞死亡的原始形式，这可能意味着为了遗传上相同的细胞而利他性死亡的想法早于多细胞性的发明。然而，原生动物的细胞死亡途径与后生动物没有同源性，后生动物中似乎有几种死亡途径是平行进化的。线粒体位于几种死亡途径的开始，并且还确定细胞是否具有足够的能量来完成死亡程序。然而，线粒体的内共生细菌祖先不太可能对最近的线粒体死亡机制有所贡献，因此，这些成分可能源自突变的真核生物前体，并且可能已侵入各自的线粒体区室。尽管没有直接的证据，但似乎原核生物-真核生物共生创造了复杂的死亡机制，这是命令所需的必要空间，而死亡机制以其独特的形式是多细胞生物进化的主要因素。

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