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首页> 外文期刊>Journal of genetics >Weird mammals provide insights into the evolution of mammalian sex chromosomes and dosage compensation
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Weird mammals provide insights into the evolution of mammalian sex chromosomes and dosage compensation

机译：怪异的哺乳动物为哺乳动物性染色体的进化和剂量补偿提供了见识

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The deep divergence of mammalian groups 166 and 190 million years ago (MYA) provide genetic variation to explore the evolution of DNA sequence, gene arrangement and regulation of gene expression in mammals. With encouragement from the founder of the field, Mary Lyon, techniques in cytogenetics and molecular biology were progressively adapted to characterize the sex chromosomes of kangaroos and other marsupials, platypus and echidna-and weird rodent species. Comparative gene mapping reveals the process of sex chromosome evolution from their inception 190 MYA (they are autosomal in platypus) to their inevitable end (the Y has disappeared in two rodent lineages). Our X and Y are relatively young, getting their start with the evolution of the sex-determining SRY gene, which triggered progressive degradation of the Y chromosome. Even more recently, sex chromosomes of placental mammals fused with an autosomal region which now makes up most of the Y. Exploration of gene activity patterns over four decades showed that dosage compensation via X-chromosome inactivation is unique to therian mammals, and that this whole chromosome control process is different in marsupials and absent in monotremes and reptiles, and birds. These differences can be exploited to deduce how mammalian sex chromosomes and epigenetic silencing evolved.
机译：166和1.9亿年前的哺乳动物群体（MYA）的深层分歧提供了遗传变异，以探索哺乳动物中DNA序列的进化，基因排列和基因表达的调控。在该领域的创始人玛丽·里昂（Mary Lyon）的鼓励下，细胞遗传学和分子生物学技术逐渐适应了袋鼠和其他​​有袋动物，鸭嘴兽和棘足动物和性怪异的啮齿动物的性染色体特征。比较的基因作图揭示了性染色体进化的过程，从最初的190 MYA（在鸭嘴兽中是常染色体的）到不可避免的末端（Y在两个啮齿动物谱系中消失了）。我们的X和Y相对较年轻，从决定性别的SRY基因的进化开始，这触发了Y染色体的逐步降解。甚至最近，胎盘哺乳动物的性染色体与一个常染色体区域融合在一起，该染色体现在构成了大部分的Y。对基因活性模式的研究超过40年，发现通过X染色体失活进行剂量补偿是Therian哺乳动物所独有的，整个这一过程有袋动物的染色体控制过程是不同的，而单峰爬行动物和鸟类的染色体控制过程是不同的。可以利用这些差异来推断哺乳动物性染色体和表观遗传沉默如何进化。

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